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Computer Evidence Glossary
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Object:
In personal computing, an
object is a representation of something
that a user can work with to perform a
task and can appear as text or an icon.
In a highlevel method of programming
called objectoriented programming
(OOP), an object is a freestanding block
of code that defines the properties of
some thing.
OCR (Optical Character
Recognition):
A technology process that
translates and converts printed matter
on an image into a format that a
computer can manipulate (ASCII codes,
for example) and, therefore, renders
that matter text searchable. OCR
software evaluates scanned data for
shapes it recognizes as letters or
numerals. All OCR systems include an
optical scanner for reading text, and
software for analyzing images. Most OCR
systems use a combination of hardware
(specialized circuit boards) and
software to recognize characters,
although some inexpensive systems
operate entirely through software.
Advanced OCR systems can read text in a
large variety of fonts, but still have
difficulty with handwritten text. OCR
technology relies upon the quality of
the imaged material, the conversion
accuracy of the software, and the
quality control process of the provider.
The process is generally acknowledged to
be between 80 and 99 percent accurate.
See
HRS and ICR.
Official Record Owner:
See
Record Owner.
OffLine Data:
The storage of ESI
outside the network in daily use (e.g.,
on backup tapes) that is only accessible
through the offline storage system, not
the network.
OffLine Storage:
ESI maintained or
archived on removable disc (optical,
compact, etc.) or magnetic tape used for
making disasterrecovery copies of
records for which retrieval is unlikely.
Accessibility to offline media usually
requires manual intervention and is much
slower than online or nearline storage
depending on the storage facility. The
major difference between nearline data
and offline data is that offline data
lacks an intelligent disc subsystem, and
is not connected to a computer, network,
or any other readilyaccessible system.
OLE (Object Linking and Embedding):
A feature in Microsoft’s
Windows that allows each section of a
compound document to call up its own
editing tools or special display
features. This allows for combining
diverse elements in compound documents.
See also
Compound Document.
OnLine Review:
The culling process
produces a dataset of potentially
responsive documents that are then
reviewed for a final selection of
relevant or responsive documents and
assertion of privilege exception as
appropriate. Online Review enables the
culled dataset to be accessed via PC or
other terminal device via a local
network or remotely via the Internet.
Often, the OnLine Review process is
facilitated by specialized software that
provides additional features and
functions which may include:
collaborative access of multiple
reviewers, security, user logging,
search and retrieval, document coding,
redaction, and privilege logging.
OnLine Storage:
The storage of ESI as
fully accessible information in daily
use on the network or elsewhere.
Online/OnLine:
Connected (to a network).
Ontology:
A collection of
categories and their relationships to
other categories and to words. An
ontology is one of the methods used to
find related documents when given a
specific query.
Operating System (OS):
An Operating system
provides the software platform that
directs the overall activity of a
computer, network or system, and on
which all other software programs and
applications can run. In many ways,
choice of an operating system will
effect which applications can be run.
Operating systems perform basic tasks,
such as recognizing input from the
keyboard, sending output to the display
screen, keeping track of files and
directories on the disc and controlling
peripheral devices such as disc drives
and printers. For large systems, the
operating system has even greater
responsibilities and powers becoming a
traffic cop to makes sure different
programs and users running at the same
time do not interfere with each other.
The operating system is also responsible
for security, ensuring that unauthorized
users do not access the system. Examples
of operating systems are UNIX, DOS,
Windows, LINUX, Macintosh, and IBM’s VM.
Operating systems can be classified in a
number of ways, including: multiuser
(allows two or more users to run
programs at the same time some
operating systems permit hundreds or
even thousands of concurrent users);
multiprocessing (supports running a
program on more than one CPU);
multitasking (allows more than one
program to run concurrently);
multithreading (allows different parts
of a single program to run
concurrently); and real time (instantly
responds to input generalpurpose
operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX,
are not realtime).
Optical Discs:
Computer media similar to
a compact disc that cannot be rewritten.
An optical drive uses a laser to read
the ESI.
Optical Jukebox:
See
“Jukebox.”
OST:
A Microsoft Outlook
information store that is used to save
folder information that can be accessed
offline.
Outlook:
See
Microsoft Outlook.
Overinclusive:
When referring to data sets returned by
some method of query, search, filter or
cull, results that are returned overly
broad.
Overwrite:
To record or copy new data over existing
data, as in when a file or directory is
updated. Data that is overwritten cannot
be retrieved.
Glossary - Courtesy of
The Sedona Conference®
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